弄懂四种基本数据合并 (Join)

郝鸿涛 / 2024-10-11

数据处理中经常会用到四种基本的数据合并:Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Outer Join。下面我尝试用 SQL 以及两个简单的数据列表把这四个基本概念讲一下。

%load_ext sql
%sql sqlite:///:memory:
'Connected: @:memory:'

生成数据 #

首先,我们生成两个简单的数据:Project 和 Employee。两个数据都有 employee_id 这个变量。

%%sql 
CREATE TABLE Project (
    project_id INT,
    employee_id INT,
    PRIMARY KEY (project_id, employee_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (employee_id) REFERENCES Employee(employee_id)
);

-- Insert data into Project table
INSERT INTO Project (project_id, employee_id) VALUES
(1, 1),
(1, 2),
(1, 3),
(2, 1),
(2, 4);  -- Only employees 1, 2, 3, and 4 are in projects

* sqlite:///:memory: Done. 5 rows affected. []
%%sql
CREATE TABLE Employee (
    employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(50),
    experience_years INT
);

-- Insert data into Employee table
INSERT INTO Employee (employee_id, name, experience_years) VALUES
(1, 'Khaled', 3),
(2, 'Ali', 2),
(3, 'John', 1),
(4, 'Doe', 2),
(5, 'Alex', 4);  -- Note: Employee 5 is not in the Project table

* sqlite:///:memory: Done. 5 rows affected. []
Project:

+-------------+-------------+
| project_id  | employee_id |
+-------------+-------------+
| 1           | 1           |
| 1           | 2           |
| 1           | 3           |
| 2           | 1           |
| 2           | 4           |
+-------------+-------------+

Employee:

+-------------+--------+------------------+
| employee_id | name   | experience_years |
+-------------+--------+------------------+
| 1           | Khaled | 3                |
| 2           | Ali    | 2                |
| 3           | John   | 1                |
| 4           | Doe    | 2                |
| 5           | Alex   | 4                |
+-------------+--------+------------------+

INNER JOIN #

Inner Join 是取共有的:

图片来源: https://www.sqltutorial.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/SQL-INNER-JOIN.png

Join 的时候,我们可以把表一加在表二上,也可以把表二加在表一上。对于 inner join 来说,这两个一样。我们两个都讲讲。

假如我们把 Employee 加在 Project 上,首先这个 key 是 employee_id,也就是两个表共有的一个变量,这个很好理解。第一步是把 Employee 这个表做成一个 Hashmap:

{
    1: ['Khaled', 3],
    2: ['Ali', 2],
    3: ['John', 1],
    4: ['Doe', 2],
    5: ['Alex', 4]
}

然后把这个 hashmap 对应到 Project 上。

或者,我们也可以把 Project 加到 Employee 上:

首先也是做一个 hashmap, 但是要注意,因为相同的 employee_id 可以对应多个 project_id,所以这个 hashmap 中的 value 需要是一个 list。

{
    1:[1,2],
    2:[1],
    3:[1],
    4:[2]
}

然后把这个 hashmap 对应到 Employee 表上。这里有两点需要注意:

  1. 因为 employee_id = 1 对应两个 project_id,所以 Project 表中 employee_id = 1 那一行要重复一次。
  2. Project 中 employee_id = 5 在我们这个 hashmap 中没有,所以在最后的结果中把这一行删除。
%%sql 
SELECT p.project_id, p.employee_id, e.name, e.experience_years
FROM Project p
INNER JOIN Employee e
ON p.employee_id = e.employee_id;
project_id employee_id name experience_years
1 1 Khaled 3
1 2 Ali 2
1 3 John 1
2 1 Khaled 3
2 4 Doe 2
* sqlite:///:memory: Done.
## LEFT JOIN

图片来源:https://www.sqltutorial.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/SQL-LEFT-JOIN.png

TableA LEFT JOIN TableB 从操作上来讲是说把 TableB 做成一个 Hashmap,然后对应到 TableA 上。和 Inner Join 的不同在于,如果 TableA 中有这个 hashmap 无法对应的 key 怎么办?比如 Employee LEFT JOIN Project 的话,Employee 中的 employee_id = 5 就是 Project 中没有的。首先, employee_id = 5 肯定是要保留的,不会像 INNER JOIN 那样直接忽略。我们可以把 employee_id = 5 那一样的 project_id 定为 NULL。这一点所有的程序都是一样的。不同的是,有的程序 (比如 SQLite) 会把 employee_id 也变成 NULL,但也有程序会把 employee_id = 5 保留,比如 Pandas。

当然,如果 hashmap 中有 TableA 无法对应的 key,那就和 Inner Join 没差别了,这个多出来的 key 和对应的 TableB 中的变量直接忽视。

看结果你就可以理解了:

%%sql 
SELECT p.project_id, p.employee_id, e.name, e.experience_years
FROM Employee e
LEFT JOIN Project p
ON p.employee_id = e.employee_id;
project_id employee_id name experience_years
1 1 Khaled 3
2 1 Khaled 3
1 2 Ali 2
1 3 John 1
2 4 Doe 2
None None Alex 4
* sqlite:///:memory: Done.
```sql %%sql SELECT p.project_id, p.employee_id, e.name, e.experience_years FROM Project p LEFT JOIN Employee e ON p.employee_id = e.employee_id; ```
project_id employee_id name experience_years
1 1 Khaled 3
1 2 Ali 2
1 3 John 1
2 1 Khaled 3
2 4 Doe 2
* sqlite:///:memory: Done.
## RIGHT JOIN

TableA LEFT JOIN TableBTableB RIGHT JOIN TableA 是一样的。所以如果你理解了 LEFT JOIN 你也可以理解 RIGHT JOIN。

因为 SQLite 不支持 RIGHT JOIN,下面我会用 Pandas 来演示。

FULL JOIN #

因为 SQLite 不支持 FULL JOIN,下面我会用 Pandas 来演示。

图片来源:https://www.sqltutorial.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/SQL-FULL-OUTER-JOIN.png

SELF JOIN #

SQL 有 self join 的功能。其本质就是 inner join: TableA INNER JOIN TableA

Pandas #

import pandas as pd

# Creating the Project DataFrame
project_data = {
    'project_id': [1, 1, 1, 2, 2], 
    'employee_id': [1, 2, 3, 1, 4]}
project_df = pd.DataFrame(project_data)

# Creating the Employee DataFrame
employee_data = {
    'employee_id': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 
    'name': ['Khaled', 'Ali', 'John', 'Doe', 'Alex'], 
    'experience_years': [3, 2, 1, 2, 4]}
employee_df = pd.DataFrame(employee_data)
project_df

project_id employee_id
0 1 1
1 1 2
2 1 3
3 2 1
4 2 4
employee_df

employee_id name experience_years
0 1 Khaled 3
1 2 Ali 2
2 3 John 1
3 4 Doe 2
4 5 Alex 4

Inner Join #

df = pd.merge(project_df, employee_df, how = 'inner', on = 'employee_id')
df

project_id employee_id name experience_years
0 1 1 Khaled 3
1 1 2 Ali 2
2 1 3 John 1
3 2 1 Khaled 3
4 2 4 Doe 2

Left Join #

df = pd.merge(project_df, employee_df, how = 'left', on = 'employee_id')
df

project_id employee_id name experience_years
0 1 1 Khaled 3
1 1 2 Ali 2
2 1 3 John 1
3 2 1 Khaled 3
4 2 4 Doe 2
df = pd.merge(employee_df, project_df, how = 'left', on = 'employee_id')
df

employee_id name experience_years project_id
0 1 Khaled 3 1.0
1 1 Khaled 3 2.0
2 2 Ali 2 1.0
3 3 John 1 1.0
4 4 Doe 2 2.0
5 5 Alex 4 NaN

Right Join #

这个和 Left Join 一样。

Full Join #

df = pd.merge(project_df, employee_df, how = 'outer', on = 'employee_id')
df

project_id employee_id name experience_years
0 1.0 1 Khaled 3
1 2.0 1 Khaled 3
2 1.0 2 Ali 2
3 1.0 3 John 1
4 2.0 4 Doe 2
5 NaN 5 Alex 4
#编程

最后一次修改于 2024-12-07